Spatial and seasonal distribution of Culicoides imicola in Iberia in relation to the transmission of African horse sickness virus

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Abstract
Collections of biting midges were made over 24 months from sixty sites spread across Iberia. Information on the distribution of the vector of African horse sickness virus, Culicoides imicola, from these 3119 samples showed that this species was annually present across south-western Spain as far as 3 degrees 53'W and throughout most of Portugal, up to 41 degrees 5'N. C. imicola was found in all areas where African horse sickness epizootics had occurred in 1987-90 and also in areas outside the epizootic zones. Seasonal patterns of capture success of C. imicola, from seventeen frequently sampled sites where the vector was present, usually showed a late summer-early autumn peak. At the sites furthest south there was a discrete peak, mostly in September or October, before and after which the numbers captured increased or decreased steadily. At higher latitudes peak abundances occurred as early as May or as late as November, population build up was less uniform and numbers often declined rapidly after the peak was reached. Both the distribution and seasonal abundance patterns closely matched transmission patterns of African horse sickness virus, which rose during late summer and caused most cases during the autumn months.