ALUM SHALE BITUMEN MATURATION AND MIGRATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR GOTLAND'S OIL

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Abstract
Thermal maturation of Swedish Alum Shale kerogen and bitumen has been determined from core samples from Eastern and Central Sweden. In samples from Eastern Sweden (Öland and Gotland), the kerogen and bitumen are thermally immature with respect to petroleum generation. In some areas of Central Sweden (Närke, ÖstergÖtland, and Kinnekulle in VästergÖtland), the kerogen is immature, whereas the bitumen is marginally mature to mature. In other areas of Central Sweden (Halleberg‐Hunneberg in VästergÖtland), the kerogen is supermature and the bitumen mature. This suggests that bitumen from a mature source‐rock has migrated into the Alum Shales of Central Sweden. Migration in Central Sweden is further evidenced by the occurrence of obviously‐migrated bituments in vugs and voids in the organicpoor Ordovician limestone overlying the Alum Shale in Central Sweden, and in concretions within the Alum Shale itself.Based on biomarker distributions of extracted bitumen, Alum Shale kerogen pyrolysate and obviously‐migrated oils, and the fact that the Alum Shale in most of the areas studied is the only petroleum source‐rock extant, it is suggested that the migrated bitumen in Central Sweden is from the Alum Shale itself. Bitumen has migrated from areas where the Alum Shale is in close proxmity to Permo‐Carboniferous intrusions, such as Halleberg‐Hunneberg, into nearby areas such as Närke and ÖstergÖtland, where there is no evidence of intrusion and the indigenous organic matter is thermally immature. Other areas, where Alum Shales were associated with intrusions and consequently sourced oil, may have been eroded away.There are producing wells on the island of Gotland, where the Alum Shale is also thermally immature. It is therefore assumed that heating which was responsible for generating Gotland's oil was very localized (such as by an intrusion) or that the oil has migrated from a thermally moremature, distant area. On the basis of reservoir rock porosity, and the fact that the Alum Shale of Gotland contains no migrated component, localized heating is favored.

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