CpG-A Oligonucleotides Induce a Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell-Like Phenotype That Preferentially Activates CD8 T Cells

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Abstract
Human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells recognize CpG motifs within microbial DNA via Toll-like receptor 9. Two functionally distinct types of CpG motif containing oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) have been described, CpG-A and CpG-B. In contrast to CpG-B, CpG-A induces high amounts of type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of CpG-A on human primary monocytes. In PBMC stimulated with CpG-A and GM-CSF, monocytes showed excellent survival, increased in size and granularity, and within 3 days developed a dendritic cell-like phenotype that was characterized by down-regulation of CD14, partial up-regulation of CCR7, and an increased surface expression of costimulatory and Ag-presenting molecules. This effect could be inhibited by a combination of blocking Abs to type I IFN, and no such CpG-A-induced changes were observed in purified monocytes. Although IL-12 production by this dendritic cell-like phenotype required additional stimulation with CD40 ligand, this cell type spontaneously up-regulated IL-15 expression. Consistent with the known effect of IL-15 on effector and memory CD8 T cells, the frequency of CCR7−/CD45RA− CD8 T cells was selectively increased in allogeneic T cell assays. Furthermore, this dendritic cell type was more potent to support both the generation and the IFN-γ production of autologous influenza matrix peptide-specific memory CD8 T cells as compared with dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. In conclusion, monocytes exposed to the cytokine milieu provided by CpG-A rapidly develop a dendritic cell-like phenotype that is well equipped to support CD8 T cell responses.