The study of the interaction of microorganisms with dairy equipment surfaces using scanning electron microscopy

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Abstract
This review presents a critical appraisal of the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the interaction between microorganisms and dairy equipment surfaces. The methodology involved in specimen preparation is considered, including the procedures used for obtaining surfaces with adhering microorganisms, chemical fixation, dehydration and drying. Cryofixation, a less commonly used alternative to water removal, is also discussed. The use of SEM to obtain topographical information relating to rubber and stainless steel as potential attachment surfaces is described. The SEM technique for studying milk deposits is also considered. These are important in naturally colonised dairy equipment surfaces. SEM,has been used to study the morphology of adhering microorganisms and the influence of various parameters on cell proliferation. Difficulties associated with the latter are highlighted. The production of extracellular polymer by microorganisms adhering to dairy equipment surfaces is detectable using SEM and the technique has been used to determine the effect of various parameters on polymer production as wejl as the effect of cleaning/ sterilization procedures on pre‐formed polymer. However, chemical preparatory methods for SEM markedly alter the appearance of extracellular polymeric material and such effects are discussed. Opportunities for further exploitation of SEM in the study of the interaction of microorganisms with dairy equipment surfaces are highlighted.

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