Detection and Identification of Human Papillomavirus Types Isolated from Korean Patients with Flat Warts

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Abstract
Flat warts, also called verruca planna (VP) or juvenile warts, are benign epithelial proliferations of the skin caused by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several HPV types are known to be associated with flat warts, and particularly HPV type 3 and 10 have been most frequently reported in other countries. In this study, for the detection and typing of human papillomavirus isolated from Korean patients with flat warts, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease digestion were carried out with a set of restriction endonucleases, using the cloned HPV DNA and DNA from clinical specimens. A unique digestion pattern for HPV type 3 and 10, a form of miniature fingerprinting, enabled us to identify HPV type from the amplified fragments. A total of thirty clinical samples, as either frozen tissue or paraffin‐embedded tissue, were investigated to verify the type. All the clinical samples except one were confirmed to be type 3, one of the most frequently observed types in flat warts, and one sample was neither type 3 nor type 10. Further investigation of the unidentified sample by DNA sequencing and sequence alignment with other known HPV types revealed that the sample was a variant of HPV type 94, one of the EV‐related HPVs, with the closest evolutionary distance to the HPV type 10 among the known flat wart‐associated HPV types.