Alterations in Mechanical Behaviour of Articular Cartilage due to Changes in Depth Varying Material Properties--a Nonhomogeneous Poroelastic Model Study

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Abstract
The depth dependence of the material properties is present in normal adult cartilage and is believed to have significant implications in its normal mechanical function. Cartilage pathology may alter the depth dependence, e.g. a reduced depth dependence of the fibril stiffness has been observed in osteoarthritic cartilage. The objective of the present study is to investigate the alterations in the mechanical response of articular cartilage when the depth dependence of the material properties is varied to simulate healthy and pathological situations. This study is made possible by a recently developed nonhomogeneous poroelastic model. Depth variations of the strains and stresses for individual material phases (collagen, proteoglycan and fluid) are obtained for cartilage disks in unconfined compression using the finite element method. The mean nominal axial strain considered is up to 15%, while the axial strain at the articular surface can reach 33%. This paper demonstrates how the mechanical behaviours of cartilage are affected by individual depth dependent cartilage properties, while such observations are not fully available in experimental investigations. This study suggests the possibility of diagnosing cartilage health by analysing its mechanical behaviours.