Synthesis of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppppA) from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate catalyzed by yeast AppppA phosphorylase

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Abstract
A novel way of enzymatic synthesis of diadenosine 5'',5''''''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppppA), which does not involve aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, has been discovered. Yeast AppppA .alpha.,.beta.-phosphorylase catalyzes irreversible conversion of adenosine 5''-phosphosulfate (APS) and ATP into AppppA according to the equation APS + ATP .fwdarw. AppppA + sulfate. In this reaction, the enzyme exhibits a broad pH optimum (between 6 and 8) and requires Mn2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ ions for activity, with Mn2+ being twice as effective as Mg2+ or Ca2+ at optimal concentration (0.5 mM). The Km values computed for APS and ATP are 80 .mu.M and 700 .mu.M, respectively. The rate constants for the AppppA synthesis is 3 s-1 (pH 8.0, 30.degree. C, 0.5 mM MgCl2). Some ATP analogues like ppppA, GTP, adenosine 5''-(.alpha.,.beta.-methylenetriphosphate), and adenosine 5''-(.beta.,.gamma.-methylenetriphosphate), but not dATP, UTP, or CTP, are also substrates for AppppA phosphorylase and accept adenylate from APS with the formation of AppppA, AppppG, Appp(CH2)pA, and App(CH2)ppA, respectively. Functional versatility of yeast AppppA phosphorylase may provide a link between metabolism of AppppA on one hand and metabolism of APS and phosphate on the other and raises the possibility of participation of AppppA in regulation of metabolism of APS and/or inorganic phosphate in yeast.