Large Involuntary Forces Consistent with Plateau-Like Behavior of Human Motoneurons

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Abstract
When electrical stimulation is applied over human muscle, the evoked force is generally considered to be of peripheral origin. However, in relaxed humans, stimulation (1 msec pulses, 100 Hz) over the muscles that plantarflex the ankle produced more than five times more force than could be accounted for by peripheral properties. This additional force was superimposed on the direct response to motor axon stimulation, produced up to 40% of the force generated during a maximal voluntary contraction, and was abolished during anesthesia of the tibial nerve proximal to the stimulation site. It therefore must have resulted from the activation of motoneurons within the spinal cord. The additional force could be initiated by stimulation of low-threshold afferents, distorted the classical relationship between force and stimulus frequency, and often outlasted the stimulation. The mean firing rate of 27 soleus motor units recorded during the sustained involuntary activity after the stimulation was 5.8 ± 0.2 Hz. The additional force increments were not attributable to voluntary intervention because they were present in three sleeping subjects and in two subjects with lesions of the thoracic spinal cord. The phenomenon is consistent with activation of plateau potentials within motoneurons and, if so, the present findings imply that plateau potentials can make a large contribution to forces produced by the human nervous system.