Classification, Direction, and Prevention of Bias in Epidemiologic Research

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Abstract
We describe an extension of an existing framework used by several investigators for classifying various types of bias. The framework consists of three categories of bias: selection, information, and confounding. The existing framework is expanded to include subclassification according to the type of study design: cross-sectional, case-control, retrospective cohort, and prospective cohort. Direction and method of prevention of biases within each category in the framework are discussed. This article provides a useful checklist for epidemiologists to determine possible sources and methods of reduction of bias that are specific to a particular type of study design.

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