Cyanoguanidine-thiourea equivalence in the development of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine

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Abstract
In the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide (2a) isosteric replacement of thione sulfur (.dbd. S) by carbonyl O or imino N affords the urea 2c and guanidine 2d which are antagonists of decreased potency. The guanidine is very basic and at physiological pH is completely protonated. Introduction of strongly electronegative substituents into the guanidine group reduces basicity and gives potent H2-receptor antagonists, i.e., the cyanoguanidine 2b (cimetidine, Tagamet) and nitroguanidine 2e. A correspondence between activity of thioureas and cyanoguanidines is demonstrated for a series of structures. The close correspondence between cyanoguanidine and thiourea in many physicochemical properties and the pharmacological equivalence of these groups in H2-receptor antagonists leads to description of cyanoguanidine and thiourea as bioisosteres. Acid hydrolysis of 2b yields the carbamoylguanidine 2f at ambient temperatures and 2d at elevated temperatures. Cimetidine is slightly more active than metiamide in vivo as an inhibitor of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion and has clinical use in the treatment of peptic ulcer and associated gastrointestinal disorders.