Parasitic Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish in Japan.

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Abstract
More than 30 species of marine fish are cultured in Japan and a wide variety of parasites are recognized as serious pathogens of these fish. In most cases, marine fish are cultured in floating net cages, which can provide a suitable substrate for monogenean eggs to become entangled with. This characteristic is most typically exemplified by the monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi of tiger puffer; the parasite deposits a very long string of eggs, almost all of which become entangled with the net meshing, resulting in an accumulation of eggs within the culture system. Life cycles of important parasites of cultured marine fish, such as myxosporeans (e.g. Kudoa amamiensis and Myxobolus buri of yellowtail), microsporidians (Microsporidium seriolae of yellowtail and an unidentified species from tiger puffer) or blood flukes (Paradeontacylix spp. of amberjack) have not been elucidated. This is a large obstacle to the establishment of control measures against these parasitic diseases. Generally, parasitic diseases of cultured marine fish are much more difficult to control than their counterparts in fresh water. No single method has proved sufficient for the effective control of parasitic diseases of marine fish. Future efforts to control marine infections should be directed not only to chemical treatments, but also to biological measures, and to prophylaxis and quarantine through parasite detection and early diagnosis.

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