Bi-coordinate sound localization by the barn owl

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Abstract
Binaurally time-shifted and intensityunbalanced noise, delivered through earphones, induced owls to respond with a head-orienting behavior similar to that which occurs to free field auditory stimuli. Owls derived the azimuthal and elevational coordinates of a sound from a combination of interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural intensity difference (IID). IID and ITD each contained information about the azimuth and elevation of the signal. Thus, IID and ITD formed a coordinate system in which the axes were non-orthogonal. ITD was a strong determinant of azimuth, and IID was a strong determinant of elevation, of elicited head turn.

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