Astrocytoma in children: 14 years' experience at Stanford University Medical Center.

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Abstract
Between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1984, 50 children (31 males, 19 females) ages 3 1/2 months to 18 years with primary CNS astrocytoma were seen in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center. The actuarial survival and freedom from relapse (FFR) for the treated group is 46%, with a median follow-up of 7.2 years and a maximum follow-up of 14 years. The majority of relapses occurred within the first 2 years of diagnosis, and all relapses occurred at or adjacent to the initial site of tumor. Multivariate analysis revealed that factors correlated with poor survival are high histologic grade (including presence of necrosis) and primary tumor in the brain stem, while the only important prognostic factor associated with an adverse FFR is high histologic grade. Age, sex, degree of surgical resection, and total radiation dose to the tumor are not correlated with outcome. Patients with high-grade tumor were selected to receive whole brain irradiation and/or adjuvant chemotherapy; therefore, the findings of apparent poor prognosis associated with whole brain irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy actually reflect patient selection. Current therapy is adequate for only half of children with astrocytoma. Thus, continued development of innovative therapies is indicated, particularly for those children with adverse prognostic factors.