Effects of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on rat gastric mucosal leukotriene C4 and prostanoid release: relation to ethanol‐induced injury

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Abstract
1 The effects of oral and subcutaneous administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs sodium salicylate, aspirin and indomethacin on ex vivo gastric mucosal release of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 6-oxo-PGF1α and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were investigated in rats under basal conditions as well as after challenge with ethanol. 2 Basal release of PGE2, 6-oxo-PGF1α and TXB2 was inhibited by oral administration of aspirin (0.6–400 mg kg−1) and indomethacin (4 or 20 mg kg−1), but not by sodium salicylate (up to 400 mg kg−1), in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of aspirin in the dose range 3.2–400 mg kg−1 and of indomethacin (20 mg kg−1) additionally inhibited release of LTC4, while sodium salicylate (up to 400 mg kg−1) had no effect. Indomethacin (20 mg kg−1) and aspirin (400 mg kg−1) administered subcutaneously inhibited generation of cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism, but did not significantly affect LTC4 synthesis. 3 Oral instillation of ethanol caused gastric mucosal damage and simultaneously induced a selective increase in the ex vivo release of LTC4 from rat gastric mucosa, while release of cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism was not significantly affected. Oral pretreatment of rats with sodium salicylate protected the gastric mucosa and simultaneously inhibited the ethanol-stimulated gastric mucosal LTC4 release in a dose-dependent manner. Sodium salicylate had no effects on the release of PGE2 and TXB2, while that of 6-oxo-PGF1α was slightly increased. 4 Pretreatment with indomethacin (4 or 20 mg kg−1 p.o.) or aspirin in doses up to 25 mg kg−1 p.o. prior to oral instillation of ethanol did not inhibit gastric mucosal damage and had no effect on the stimulatory action of ethanol on LTC4 release. Higher doses of aspirin (100 mg kg−1 or 400 mg kg−1 p.o.) reduced the mucosal damaging effect of ethanol and simultaneously inhibited LTC4 release. 5 The results suggest that aspirin and indomethacin in concentrations higher than those necessary to inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism additionally inhibit gastric mucosal LTC4 synthesis under basal conditions, while sodium salicylate has no such effect. On the other hand, sodium salicylate, but not indomethacin or low doses of aspirin (up to 25 mg kg−1), by an unknown mechanism inhibits stimulation of LTC4 biosynthesis by ethanol and simultaneously protects the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced damage. Similar effects of high oral doses (> 100 mg kg−1) of aspirin might be due to significant formation of salicylate. These results suggest that there is a causal relationship between enhanced LTC4 biosynthesis and the development of ethanol-induced gastric injury.