Focusing cues in the visual cliff behavior of day-old chicks.

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Abstract
Shinkmah''s hypothesis that day-old chicks avoid the deep side of a visual cliff because the pattern is out-of-focus was tested by placing 12-24 hr. old chicks on a modified visual cliff with a choice between sharp in focus and blurred out-of-focus patterns placed directly under the glass, i.e., at equal distances from the chicks. Chicks showed no preference for sharp over blurred patterns, but did show the usual preference for a near pattern over a pattern at greater depth. Blurred and sharp patterns varied in a neardeep cliff did not produce evidence of blur avoidance. Results provide evidence against Shinkman''s focusing cue theory of cliff avoidance and favor motion parallax as the critical cue.

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