A Simple Way to Record Heart Sounds

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Abstract
ALTHOUGH LEWIS, in 1909, observed that ligating the coronary arteries produced specific changes in the dog's electrocardiogram and Herrick, in 1918, confirmed this phenomenon in man, over a decade passed before practitioners and even consultants in internal medicine adopted the practice of taking electrocardiograms in cases of suspected coronary obstructive disease. The delay was due largely to the bulky instruments available for recording the cardiac action currents and ended within 5 yr of the introduction of electronic amplifiers and portable machines with small electrodes. The recording of heart sounds and murmurs was of little value prior to the acceptance of surgery for congenital and then for acquired heart disease. Extensive work in this field, by Einthoven and by Lewis, had been reported by 1914, but even today many thousands of patients have had cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgery without any records of their heart sounds. While auscultation led to

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