Stratigraphic distribution and ecology of European Jurassic bivalves

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Abstract
Documentation of bivalve generic and species diversity and times of first and last appearance through successive Jurassic stages in Europe, together with data on turnover and changes in taxonomic and ecological composition of the faunas, indicate an approximation to the establishment of an equilibrium fauna by early Middle Jurassic times. Subsequently faunal change was slight compared with the early Jurassic. A diversity increase through the Lower into the Middle Jurassic correlates with an increase in the area of epicontinental seas, while a major species extinction in the early Toarcian is bound up with the onset of widespread stagnation associated with a rise of sea level. An increase of the generic extinction rate at the end of the period correlates with a regional marine regression. The mean species longevity is estimated at 15×106 years. The ecological factors thought to control bivalve distribution are reviewed and four ecological associations distinguished: the reefal, lagoonal and nearshore and basinal marine.