Abstract
Two areas in which rational approaches to instruction have had important practical impact are 1) instructional content and 2) the support of effective learning activities. Content of instruction is more important than its form. Two important technical issues are how to match the content of instruction closely to individual student needs and how to communicate specific instructional goals to learners. Improvements in instructional practice can be approached not only through the systematic design of instructional products but also through the enlightened creation of instructional environments that foster active participation in the learning process by students. Continued progress towards better education requires the development and use of comprehensive record‐keeping systems for instruction.

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