Apparatus for measuring the contact angles at crystal−solution−vapor interfaces

Abstract
This paper describes an apparatus for measuring the contact angle between an air bubble and the underside of a solid surface to which the bubble adheres. This general method of measurement of contact angles replaces the usual sessile drop method. The purpose of submerging a bubble in the liquid is to assure an equilibrium vapor pressure, so that, in case of solutions, the surface concentration does not change during measurement. The apparatus was especially designed to study the interfacial energies between saturated solutions and the various faces of a chosen crystal.

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