Bifurcation of the periodic orbits of Hamiltonian systems: An analysis using normal form theory

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Abstract
We develop an analytic technique to study the dynamics in the neighborhood of a periodic trajectory of a Hamiltonian system. The theory begins with Poincaré and Birkhoff; major modern contributions are due to Meyer, Arnol’d, and Deprit. The realization of the method relies on local Fourier-Taylor series expansions with numerically obtained coefficients. The procedure and machinery are presented in detail on the example of the ‘‘perpendicular’’ (z=0) periodic trajectory of the diamagnetic Kepler problem. This simple one-parameter problem well exhibits the power of our technique. Thus, we obtain a precise analytic description of bifurcations observed by J.-M. Mao and J. B. Delos [Phys. Rev. A 45, 1746 (1992)] and explain the underlying dynamics and symmetries. © 1996 The American Physical Society.