AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR MATING EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

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Abstract
An improved cage arrangement resulted in 73% of the female European pine shoot moths being mated during a 48-hour test. Key factors were continual airflow from females to males and a light-to-dark illumination change. The ponderosa pine tip moth, Rhyacionia zozana (Kearf.), the black-headed budworm, Acleris gloverana (Wlsm.), and two species of spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. viridis Freeman, were also tested in the apparatus with some success in every case.