Rethinking the paradigms that inform behavioral treatment research for substance use disorders

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Abstract
Over the last three decades, the randomized controlled trial or 'psychotherapy technology' approach has been the dominant model of inquiry in research on addiction treatment. This period has yielded impressive discoveries, but recent failures to confirm core research hypotheses such as occurred in Project MATCH and the Cocaine Collaborative Treatment Study have raised questions about future research directions. The paper identifies several testable assumptions of the psychotherapy technology model. A review is conducted on four substance use disorder behavioral interventions--motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral treatment, behavioral couples treatment and 12-Step-oriented treatment--to determine whether these assumptions are supported by research findings. Overall, the review suggests weak support for the technology model of psychotherapy research. Lack of support is interpreted as indicating flaws in several model assumptions about how to conceptualize and measure patient responsivity and the interaction of non-specific and specific therapeutic factors. The paper offers alternative strategies for addressing these issues drawn from the general psychotherapy process literature and provides illustrative examples of how these could be used to spur innovation in addiction treatment research. The addiction treatment research field is coming up against the limitations of the psychotherapy technology model as the dominant paradigm guiding treatment research. It is important for addiction treatment researchers to explore alternative conceptualizations and methodologies in order to understand more clearly how treatment works.