Adolescent use of illicit drugs other than marijuana: how important is social bonding and for which ethnic groups?

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Abstract
We predicted Grade 12 use of illicit drugs other than marijuana ("hard" drugs) from characteristics at Grade 10, examining the protective value of social bonds and testing whether certain social bonds have greater importance for some racial/ethnic groups. We also explored the association of previous substance use with later "hard" drug use when social bonds and a broad range of other personal and environmental variables are statistically controlled. Bonds with family were inversely related to any use of illicit drugs other than marijuana; various forms of prior use were positively related to both any and frequent use. However, variables other than social bonds and prior use were equal or stronger predictors of both outcomes. Some differences were obtained across racial groups: African-Americans were less likely to use illicit drugs other than marijuana, Mexican-Americans were more affected by family factors than were other groups, and Asian-Americans were more affected by school failure. Implications for prevention are discussed.