Dietary intake of toxic and essential trace elements by the children and parents living in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan

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Abstract
This study estimated the dietary intakes of 25 pairs of Japanese children and their parents to 12 toxic and essential trace elements using 7-day duplicate diet composites. The estimated intakes of lead (children = 5.34 µg day−1, adults = 6.74 µg day−1) and tin (162 and 152 µg day−1) were below tolerable limits, but large difference in aluminium intakes (7.32 and 12.1 mg day−1) among the subjects warranted further investigations. Intakes of cadmium in both children and adults (13.2 and 15.9 µg day−1) were high, but a low uranium (U) intake was observed (0.593 and 0.587 µg day−1). Intakes of copper (567 and 784 µg day−1), manganese (1.56 and 2.72 mg day−1), zinc (4.93 and 6.75 mg day−1), and molybdenum (103 and 131 µg day−1) were close to the recommended values. Concentrations of chromium, nickel and selenium were lower than the detection limits in most cases.