HIV-related issues and concerns for imprisoned persons throughout the world

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Abstract
To summarize articles related to HIV/AIDS and correctional populations that were published from January 2004 through March 2005. In all, 43 empirical and seven non-empirical articles are summarized, about two-thirds of which are focused on correctional populations in the USA. The majority of the studies were descriptive; only two articles presented evaluation data for HIV prevention interventions. Published studies during the review period documented elevated rates of HIV, STIs, and hepatitis among correctional populations--often associated with injection drug use, mental illness, and infectious-disease co-morbidity. These studies highlighted a global public-health need for comprehensive HIV risk-reduction programs that address not only disease prevention but also the factors enabling disease transmission. Research further demonstrated the detrimental effects of release from prison on medication adherence and disease progression among HIV-positive people, underscoring the need for transitional treatment and health-care services. HIV-related research is urgently needed to document the global scope of HIV disease prevalence and correlates among incarcerated populations, to examine the impact of incarceration and release from prison on HIV risk behavior, to identify optimal treatment programs for HIV-positive individuals, and to rigorously evaluate HIV risk-reduction interventions for incarcerated people--particularly those focused on the period of community re-entry. Finally, research and activism are needed to impact structural factors impeding HIV-prevention efforts with correctional populations.