Discordance Between Patient-Predicted and Model-Predicted Life Expectancy Among Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure

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Abstract
Heart failure accounts directly for 55 000 deaths and indirectly for an additional 230 000 deaths in the United States each year.1 Despite advances in care, the prognosis for patients with symptomatic heart failure remains poor, with median life expectancy of less than 5 years.2 For those with the most advanced disease, 1-year mortality rates approach 90%.3,4 About half of these deaths are due to progressive pump failure, while the remainder are sudden.5 Prognosis is highly dependent on a multitude of patient characteristics, and a number of prognostic models have been developed to help predict survival in patients with heart failure.6-9