Altered Pharmacokinetics of Vinblastine in Mdr1a P-glycoprotein-Deficient Mice

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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a membrane protein that acts as an extrusion pump for many cytotoxic drugs. Pgp is expressed in normal tissues, and its (over)expression in tumor cells contributes to their drug resistance. Human Pgp is encoded by the MDR1 gene. In mice, two Pgps (encoded by the mdr1a and mdr1b genes) appear to perform the same function as the single human protein. The simultaneous use of cytotoxic drugs and agents that block Pgp function has raised questions of safety, since a blockade of Pgp in normal tissues could alter drug pharmacokinetics and change the spectrum of toxic side effects. Analysis of the consequences of Pgp blockade has been facilitated by the generation of mice with disrupted mdr1a genes [mdrla(−/−)]. We studied the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of the cytotoxic drug vinblastine (VBL) and its metabolites in mdr1a(−/−) mice and in wild-type [mdrla(+/+)] mice. VBL was administered to mice in bolus doses of either 1 or 6 mg/kg body weight by intravenous injection. VBL and its metabolites were quantified in tissue specimens, plasma, feces, and urine by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Liquid scintillation counting was used to measure radioactivity in specimens from animals that had received [ 3 H]VBL. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of noncompartmental methods. Only two-sided P values are reported. The half-life (t ½ ) of VBL during its terminal phase of elimination was longer in mdr1a(−/−) mice than in wild-type mice. The t ½ values with a 1-mg/kg dose were 3.6 hours ± 0.3 hour (mean ± standard error) and 2.1 hours ± 0.3 hour, respectively ( P <.05); with a 6-mg/kg dose, the values were 8.6 hours ± 1.8 hours and 4.2 hours ± 0.2 hour, respectively ( P =.058). Fecal excretion of nonmetabolized VBL was reduced from 20%–25% of the administered dose (either 1 or 6 mg/kg) in wild-type mice to 9.3% (1-mg/kg dose) or 3.4% (6-mg/kg dose) in mdr1a(−/−) mice (both P <.05); the cumulative urinary excretion of VBL was low (½ for this drug. Intact mdr1a function appears to protect the brain against high plasma levels of VBL, but most other tissues are not similarly protected. Enhanced drug accumulation in nonmalignant tissues after Pgp blockade should be carefully considered in future clinical trials of Pgp modulation. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:994–9]

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