An empirical study of two shopping models

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Abstract
Pankhurst I. C. and Roe P. E. (1978) An empirical study of two shopping models, Reg. Studies 12, 727–748. The well-established gravity/entropy shopping model is compared with a simple micro-level decision model. Data are used from two places, Derby and Watford. The two models are tested for their ability to reproduce known behaviour. In doing this, many of the terms in the formulation of the models (including the gravity model β parameters) are adjusted to get the best possible fit. They are then examined for their performance in forecasting, which is the crucial test of such models. The implications for using the models in practice are discussed.