Persistence of Biological Activity of Seven Insecticides in Soil Assayed with Folsomia candida12

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Abstract
Folsomia candida willem was used to assay persistence of toxic residues of dieldrin, isobenzan, phorate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, Zinophos® (O, O-diethyl O-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), and carbofuran in Plainfield sand at 13 and 24 ± 1°C. At 13°C, residues of Zinophos, carbofuran, diazinon, and dieldrin killed all insects until 16 weeks after treatment of the soil at concentrations of 0.05 ppm to 0.5 ppm. The bioactivity of phorate persisted little more than one week, and isobenzan and chlorpyrifos were moderately residual, between the two extremes. Dieldrin was as persistent at 24°C as at 13°C, and the biological activity of isobenzan persisted slightly longer at the higher temperature. Phorate could again be classified as “slightly residual” and Zinophos, carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos were far less persistent at the higher temperature.

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