Abstract
This paper is in three parts. The first looks at recent trends in expenditure on humanitarian assistance and post‐cold war shifts in thinking: on sovereignty and intervention; on peacekeeping and ODA; and on the changing role of defence and security. The second looks at collaboration between aid agencies, NGOs and the military on the ground, and the responsibility for costs and policy. The third makes some comments on the extent to which humanitarian assistance and peace enforcement are compatible and suggests considerations for future collaboration.

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