Reduction in diet breadth results in sequestration of plant chemicals and increases efficacy of chemical defense in a generalist grasshopper

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Abstract
The lubber grasshopper,Romalea guttata, is a generalist feeding on a broad diet of many herbaceous plant species and has a metathoracic defensive secretion normally containing phenolics and quinones synthesized by the insect. When insects were reared on a restricted diet of wild onion, they sequestered sulfur volatiles from the plant into their defensive secretions. These compounds were not detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in secretions of insects on an artificial diet or a natural, generalist diet of 26 plants that included wild onion as a component, nor were they present in secretions from field-collected insects. Defensive secretions of insects reared on wild onion were significantly more deterrent, by as much as an order of magnitude, to two species of ant predators than secretions from insects on either of the other two diets, despite a reduction in the concentration of autogenous defensive chemicals in secretions of insects on the onion diet. Sequestration of plant chemicals that increased defensive efficacy occurred when diet breadth was reduced. We suggest that this occurs because under conditions of specialization, plant secondary metabolites are more likely to be ingested and bioaccumulated in sufficient concentrations to have biological activity against predators. What we define as casual bioaccumulation of bioactive plant chemicals following dietary specialization may lead to evolution of sequestered defense syndromes in insects, and this process may not necessarily require specific adaptation to or coevolution with a toxic host plant.