On the Glacial Origin of the Clay-With-Flints of Buckinghamshire and on a Former Course of the Thames

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Abstract
I. Introduction. During the years 1910 and 1911 we have surveyed on the 6-inch scale some 260 square miles in the counties of Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex, and have obtained some results which we believe to be new. Perhaps we can now explain the mode of formation of the Clay-with-Flints and superficial gravels, so long a puzzle to geologists. This paper falls naturally into two parts—first, the origin of the Clay-with-Flints and associated gravels of our area; and, secondly, the origin of the gravels which have sometimes been called Plateau Gravels, and are high above the ordinary river-gravels, though at lower levels than those associated with the Clay-with-Flints. These Plateau Gravels we believe to be of Fluvioglacial origin, and their formation is inseparably connected with the former course of the Thames, at a time when the ice had not yet reached its southern limit of extension. Our classification of the superficial deposits is somewhat different from that of the Old Series Survey Map. The brick-earth accompanying the clay with flints is usually a clay-gravel, and differs only from the deposits coloured as Gravel in that it is worked for brickmaking. We have, therefore, in these cases mapped it as a gravel. Also, the Pebble Gravel which caps certain hills does not differ in some cases from the Glacial Gravel. On the other hand, the Glacial Gravel of the old map has been divided into two divisions—one of Gravelly Drift, and the other of Fluvioglacial Gravels. II. The Clay-with-flints and the

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