Use of 23Na-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To Follow Sodium Uptake and Efflux in NaCl-Adapted and Nonadapted Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Suspensions

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Abstract
Cellular Na+ transport was followed in vivo by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using anionic dysprosium-based shift reagents to resolve internal and external 23Na+ resonances. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) cell suspensions adapted for rapid growth on 130 mm NaCl had biphasic 23Na efflux kinetics when shifted to low Na+ medium, while nonadapted cells had little measurable Na+ efflux after preloading with 23NaCl. Uptake of 23Na was also observed using 23Na NMR. The resonance frequency of the external Na+-dysprosium (III) triphosphate, relative to that of the 23Na in the cells, was sensitive to pH, permitting the pH of the external medium to be followed during the course of in vivo experiments.