Heparin and hormonal regulation of mRNA synthesis and abundance of autocrine growth factors: relevance to clonal growth of tumors.

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Abstract
Highly sulfated, heparinlike species of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, with heparinlike glycosaminoglycan chains, are extracellular matrix components that are plasma membrane bound in growth-arrested liver cells. Heparins were found to inhibit the growth and lower the clonal growth efficiency of HepG2, a minimally deviant, human hepatoma cell line. Heparan sulfates, closely related glycosaminoglycans present in the extracellular matrix around growing liver cells, had no effect on the growth rate or clonal growth efficiency of HepG2 cells. Neither heparins nor heparan sulfates had any effect on the growth rate or clonal growth efficiency of two poorly differentiated, highly metastatic hepatoma cell lines, SK-Hep-1 and PLC/PRF/5. Heparin's inhibition of growth of HepG2 cells correlated with changes in the mRNA synthesis and abundance of insulinlike growth factor II (IGF II) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta). HepG2 cells expressed high basal levels of mRNAs encoding IGF II and TGF beta that were inducible, through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, to higher levels by specific heparin-hormone combinations. For both IGF II and TGF beta, the regulation was multifactorial. Transcriptionally, IGF II was regulated by the additive effects of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone in combination with heparin; TGF beta was regulated primarily by the synergistic effects of insulin and growth hormone in combination with heparin. Posttranscriptionally, the mRNA abundance of the IGF II 4.5- and 3.7-kb transcripts was affected by insulin. Heparin induction of all IGF II transcripts was also dependent on triiodotyronine and prolactin, but it is unknown whether their induction by heparin was via transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms. Heparin-insulin combinations regulated TGF beta posttranscriptionally. The poorly differentiated hepatoma cell lines PLC/PRF/5 and SK-Hep-1 either did not express or constitutively expressed low basal levels of IGF I, IGF II, and TGF beta, whose mRNA synthesis and abundance showed no response to any heparin-hormone combination. We discuss the data as evidence that matrix chemistry is a variable determining the expression of autocrine growth factor genes and the biological responses to them.