Externally quenched air counter for low-energy electron emission measurements

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Abstract
An air‐filled counter with two grids serves to detect and measure low‐energy electrons emitted into air from a solid surface. The grids are provided for quenching of a counter discharge caused by an incident electron, and for protection of a sample from positive ions produced during the discharge. The gridded counter operates well with the aid of electric equipments, e.g., amplifiers, pulse generators, and a scaling circuit. The air‐filled counter was then successfully applied to the measurements of photoelectron emission and exoelectron emission.