Up to the present time, some specialists have held to the view that on the American continent before the European colonization, there was no writing in the true sense of that word. The various systems of writing used by the Indians were regarded as pictographic or ideographic. However, it is now known with certainty that the civilized peoples of ancient America — the Maya, Zapotec, Olmec, and also the Quechua and Aymara — had hieroglyphic writing of the same type as that of the Old World, of China, Egypt, Sumeria, and so forth.