Children (n = 192) aged 3–19 years from 98 families completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy of a bivalent attenuated (CR) vaccine with trivalent inactivated (TI) vaccine. Both vaccinescontained A/Chile/83 (H1N1)-like antigens. After vaccination the geometric mean titer to A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) was 1:36 in the CR group, 1:92 in the TI group, and 1:5 in the placebo group. During the influenza A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1)epidemic, 21.4% of CR recipients, 16.7% of TI recipients, and 43.9% of placebo recipients were infected with influenza A/Taiwan. TI vaccine provided better heterotypic protection than did CR vaccine for children aged 10–18 years (infection rate, 0 vs. 24%, respectively; P < .025); in contrast, in the younger children (3–9 years), CR vaccine tended to be more protective (19% vs. 26% for TI).