Development of epipods and gills in some pagurids and brachyurans

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Abstract
The development of gills is described in zoea and megalopa stages of the following 16 species of decapods, and the patterns of gill development are discussed in terms of phylogenetic relationships of the larvae: Pagurus prideaux Leach, Pagurus bernhardus (Linnaeus), Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant), Hyas araneus (Linnaeus), Eurynome aspera (Pennant), Pisa armata (Latreille), Carcinus maenus (Linnaeus), Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant), Liocarcinus holsatus (Fabricius), Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus), Monodaeus couchi (Couch), Pinnotheres pinnotheres (Linnaeus), Pinnotheres pisum (Linnaeus), Pinnaxodes mutuensis Sakai, Pinnixa rathbuni Sakai and Pinnixa (?)chaetopterana Stimpson. The gills of most of the species investigated migrate during development, not only dorsally but, in some cases, also posteriorly. The Pinnotheridae provide the only known example in which rudiments of ‘lost’ gills appear within larval stages only to disappear by the first crab stage.