A Randomised, Controlled Pilot Study to Investigate the Potential Benefit of Intervention with Insulin in Hyperglycaemic Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients

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Abstract
Background: Hyperglycaemia on presentation with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is associated with poor outcome, but intervention is unproven. We investigated the safety and tolerability of one method of glycaemic control. Methods: Patients within 24 h of AIS and plasma glucose 8–20 mmol/l were randomised to receive either rigorous glycaemic control (RC) or standard management (SM) for 48 h. RC comprised i.v. insulin at a variable rate adjusted for target glucose concentration of 5–8 mmol/l, and intravenous crystalloid. The SM group received intravenous crystalloid alone in an open-label design. Results: Thirteen patients were randomised to RC and 12 to SM (age 75 ± 6.2 years; 40% male; 20% lacunar stroke; time to treatment 8 ± 6.1 h; plasma glucose 10.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l; known diabetes 52%; NIHSS 8, range 2–28). The glucose concentration-time curve was reduced in the RC group (AUC 324 ± 15 versus 385 ± 28 h·mmol/l, p = 0.04). By 48 h, plasma glucose in both groups was 6.8 ± 1.1 and 7.5 ± 1.3 mmol/l respectively, but mean hourly insulin requirements in the RC group had dropped from 3.25 ± 0.32 units to 1.25 ± 0.5 units (p < 0.01). One transient episode of hypoglycaemic symptoms occurred in the RC group. Conclusion: Glycaemic control with sliding scale insulin for 48 h is feasible and well-tolerated after AIS. Treatment after 48 h may be unnecessary.