The effectiveness of clinicians' judgments: The diagnosis of organic brain damage from the Bender-Gestalt Test.

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Abstract
The study was concerned with diagnosis rather than prediction of later behavior. The diagnostic performance of clinicians currently practicing as diagnosticians (staff or trainees) was compared with that of nonpsychologists (secretaries). An appraisal was made as to the validity of the Bender as a test for organic brain damage. Nonprofessionals displayed more confidence in their judgments than did the other groups. The results suggest chances for misdiagnosis by utilizing the Bender-Gestalt Test.