Some Thermal Effects of Bubbles in Temperate Glacier Ice

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Abstract
Gas bubbles in core samples from the Blue Glacier, Washington, were observed to be partially filled with liquid. The time and spatial dependence of liquid content in the bubbles demonstrates that thein situliquid content of the bubbles was small and liquid appeared in the bubbles as a consequence of heat flow into the sample after collection. An effective bulk heat capacity for wet bubbly ice is derived and used to analyze the relaxation process and it is shown that the warming of samples is controlled by an effective heat capacity two or more orders of magnitude larger than for pure ice. The relaxation process presents a practical difficulty for measurement ofin situwater content from core samples and the behavior of the bubbles indicates that at positions in a temperate glacier where bubbles have pressure in excess of the ice stress, bubbles may control the ice temperature and significantly restrict water flow through veins.