The geometry and permittivity of snow at high frequencies

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Abstract
The geometry and porosity of dry snow varies widely depending on the history of conditions. The permittivity of dry snow increases with increasing ice content but is not greatly affected by the shapes of the ice particles. In wet snow the permittivity increases with liquid content and the geometry is very important. However, the liquidlike layer has little effect on permittivity. The permittivity is described using Polder and van Santen’s mixing formulae and approximations of the geometries at high and low liquid contents. It is shown that the common assumption of liquid shells over ice spheres is both physically incorrect and leads to large errors.