The C1s shakeup spectra of Buckminsterfullerene, acenaphthylene, and naphthalene, studied by high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations

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Abstract
The C1s core photoelectron shakeup spectrum of fullerene has been studied experimentally and theoretically, as well as the corresponding spectra of the smaller model compounds acenaphthylene and naphthalene. It is found that many of the shakeup excitations of C60 can be classified in terms of excitations found in the model compounds. A population analysis of the orbitals involved reveals a systematic behavior, enabling a generalization to extended aromatic systems and to an infinite graphite layer.