Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Prosobranch Gastropod Mollusc, Viviparus Viviparus Linn

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Abstract
In Viviparus living in streamwater, A of the blood is 40.5 mM/1 NaCl. Figures are given for the concentrations of sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate, and for pH. In more concentrated media, A of the blood rises, and the blood is isosmotic with the external medium in 20% seawater. Chloride in the blood is maintained at a different concentration from that in the medium. Equilibrium with very dilute solutions is also examined, by placing snails in deionised water. Intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride are given for the opercular muscle. Calcium is present in solid concretions. The concentrations of potassium and chloride do not appear to obey a Donnan equilibrium.