The Evolution of the Sponge Feeding Habit in the Caddisfly Genus Ceraclea (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)1

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Abstract
A phylogeny is proposed for 11 species of Ceraclea caddisflies which feed on freshwater sponge during the larval stage of their life cycle. Based on this evolutionary scheme, further probable sponge feeders are postulated. Some morphological differences of the sponge feeders are described. The obligate sponge feeders are morphologically and ecologically different from other species of the genus which may feed on sponge when it is available or when other food sources are scarce, and from the other species of Ceraclea which appear never to eat sponge.

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