Consideration of Secondary Effects in Frame Design

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Abstract
The contributions to the P-Δ moments of such sources as semirigid connections, initial-story eccentricity, column-axial shortening, and panel zone deformation can be calculated and included in the preliminary design of multistory steel frames. For all practical purposes, the second-order effects are equal to the first-order values multiplied by an amplification factor which is a function of the story stiffness. It is shown that all these sources can significantly reduce frame stiffness to the point of causing damage to light partitions and windows.

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