A Millennium of Misery: The Demography of the Icelanders

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Abstract
A summary account of 11 centuries of Icelandic population development is given. Iceland represents the most extreme inhospitable environment in which a European people has been able to survive and maintain its culture; none has been so persistently ravaged by natural calamities. The 1st modern national census in the world was taken in Iceland in 1703, and is a relatively untapped source of data on a population of almost 3 centuries ago. Of particular note in the demographic history of Iceland is the high incidence of cohabitation and de jure illegitimacy. Iceland is now demographically similar to the other Scandinavian countries except in her relatively high fertility and very high rate of illegitimacy.

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