Amphicarpum purshii and the ?pessimistic strategy? in amphicarpic annuals with subterranean fruit

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Abstract
Amphicarpum purshii Kunth is an annual amphicarpic grass of recently disturbed sandy areas in the Coastal Plain of eastern North America, producing small aerial and larger subterranean seeds. At study sites on the eastern edge of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, the temporal aspects of reproductive allocation were investigated through biweekly whole-plant field harvests of 25 plants each throughout the 1980 growing season, and the survivorship of plants arising from aerial and subterranean seeds was monitored in a total of 10 high and 10 low density quadrats at two sites differeing in soil moisture. Plants arising from subterranean propagules began to allocate early (July 16) considerable energy to subterranean reproduction (ca 40% of whole-plant dry weight by the last half of August); allocation to aerial culms and flowers did not begin until mid-August and never exceeded 3% on a population basis. Plants arising from aerial propagules (“aerial plants”) produced only subterranean flowers, and these flowers first appeared 2 wk later than they did on “subterranean plants.” Survivorship was greater for the subterranean seedlings at both the dry and wet sites and at low and high densities, and aerial plants showed significantly less total growth and seed production than subterranean plants. The “pessimistic strategy” (early allocation of energy to large subterranean propagules) in the annual Amphicarpum has its selective basis in the relative vigor, survival, and timing and amount of reproduction of the two types of seedlings, and appears comparable to the allocation strategies of at least eight other amphicarpic annuals in at least five other families of plants.