The role of shock in reinforcement.

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Abstract
Intensive study of the development of conditioned avoidance behavior to electric shock in young goats under conditions (1) of inevitable shock (the conventional Pavlovian scheme), (2) "shock avoidable by a given consistent action and (3) random shock" is reported. Uniform reactions were acquired quickly by the "avoidable shock" group, whereas a high degree of variability and "continuous trial and error" accompanied the training of the inevitable and random shock groups. Implications for current two-factor and other learning theories are discussed. 22 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

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