Toxic and developmental effects of organophosphorus insecticides in embryos of the South African clawed frog

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Abstract
Four organophosphorus insecticides and the active metabolites of two phosphorothionate insecticides were tested for their toxic and teratogenic effects on embryos of Xenopus laevis. All compounds caused dose‐dependent developmental defects, such as abnormal pigmentation, abnormal gut development, notochordal defects and reduced growth. Malathion, malaoxon, parathion, and paraoxon produced severe defects, while monocrotophos and dicrotophos produced considerably milder defects. All compounds reduced NAD+ levels to a similar extent, regardless of the severity of the defects induced. Thus some commonly used organophosphorus insecticides and thei metabolites are teratogenic to Xenopus embryos, but reduced NAD+ level does not appear to be important in causing the developmental defects.